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2021届上海市松江一中高二上学期英语10月月考试题
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
You've heard of Zen. You (21) _________ even have had moments of it. But what exactly is Zen? The scholarly answer to that question is that Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that (22) _________ (originate)in China during the Tang dynasty as Chan Buddhism. It was something like a marriage of Taoism and traditional Mahayana Buddhism. The complex meditative (冥想的) practices of Mahayana met the simplicity of Taoism to produce a new branch of Buddhism hat is today known worldwide.
The term Zen (23) _________ from the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese word Chan. which traces its roots to the Indian practice of meditation. It emphasizes rigorous self-control. meditation-practice, insight (24) _________ Buddha-nature, and the personal expression of this insight in daily life, especially for the benefit of others.
Zen began to emerge as a distinctive (独特的) school of Mahayana Buddhism (25) _________ the Indian sage Bodhidharma taught at the Shaolin Temple of China. Under the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng (638-713), Zen became more Chinese and more like the Zen we now think of. Some consider Huineng, not Bodhidharma, to be the true father of Zen since his personality and influence are felt in Zen to this day. His (26) _________(well known) poem is as follows:
Enlightenment is not tree, 菩提本无树,
The bright mirror has no stand; 明镜亦非台,
Originally there is not one thing,本来无一物,
What place could there be for dust? 何处惹尘埃。
In Chan Buddhism, karma is a fundamental concept. It refers to action driven by intention. which leads to furfure consequences. Intention is considered to be the (27) _________(determine) factor in the cycle of rebirth. (28) _________ (put) it simply if you give out positive energy, it will come back full circle, and the same goes for negative energy.
Actually, karma cannot be avoided whether you're a Buddhist or not. It affects (29) _________ life in every way. All of the wars, climate issues, complaints and general unhappiness begin with thought carried out with action. To counter (抵消) all negative energy, Zen appeals to people to create better karma (30) _________ _________ good things and people can start to appear in our lives.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. address B. blamed C. measures D. decent E. desire. regular
G. efficiency H. readily I. feature J. undisturbed K. reluctantly
Imagine working for an employer who, aware that you are probably not sleeping enough at night, allows you to down tools and nap as part of your 31. __________work duties and not just forty winks at your desk, but a restorative snooze in a quiet room.
These are some of the 32. __________ being used by a growing number of companies in Japan to counter an epidemic of sleeplessness that costs its economy $138bn a year. Tech startups have been quickest to the the "sleep debt" among irritable and unproductive employees.
Last year, Nextbeat, an IT service provider, went as far as setting up two "strategic sleeping rooms"-one for men, the other for women-at its headquarters in Tokyo. The rooms 34. __________ devices that block out background noise, allowing workers to stretch out on sofas for a (n) 35.__________nap. Mobiles, tablets and laptops are banned.
"Napping can do as much to improve someone's 36.__________ as a balanced diet and exercise, a member of the Nextbeat board said. Nextbeat also asks employees to leave work by 9pm and to avoid doing excessive overtime which has been 37.__________for rising rate of death from overwork.
Japanese workers have more reason than most to give in to the 38.__________for a daytime snooze, whether at work or during long commutes.
A survey conducted using fitness trackers in28 countries found that Japanese men and women sleep, on average, just 6 hours and 35 minutes a night 45 minutes less than the international average making them the most sleep deprived of all. Finnish women, by contrast, sleep almost an hour longer, with an average of 7.45 hours. Canadians, Belgians and Austrians, as well the Dintch and French, all get a comparatively 39.__________night’s sleep, according to the survey
A separate poll by a health products maker, Fuji Ryoki, found that 92.6% of Japanese over the age of 20 said they were not getting enough sleep.
The government also appreciates the benefits of a well-rested workforce, with the health ministry recommending all working-age people take nap of up to 30 minutes in the afternoon － advice 40.__________embraced by some of the country's politicians.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word phrase that best fits the context.
Are we too slow to praise and quick to blame? It seems we are.
Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, we are somehow 41. __________ to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. To make matters worse, most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of 42. __________.
It's strange how chary (吝啬的) we are about praising Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. 43. __________, we are embarrassed and shrug off (不予理睬) the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this 44. __________reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us 45. __________, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful (恶意的) remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to pass 46. __________comments.
It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas where effort generally goes unnoticed or 47. __________. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your 48. __________manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right?
Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing 49. __________ jobs: gas-station attendants, waitresses－even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, "What a tidy room”? Hardly everybody does. Shakespeare said, "Our praises are our wages." Since so often praise is the only 50. __________a housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.
Teachers agree on the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more 51. __________results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting 52. __________on them.
"I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual. standard," writes the teacher, "and that he waits hungrily for brief comment in the margin (空白处) to show him that the teacher is aware of it, too."
To give praise 53. __________the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort. It is such a small 54. __________. And yet consider the results it may produce. "I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain. So, let's be 55. __________ to the small excellences around us-and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our own.
41. A. guilty B. impatient C. fortunate D. reluctant
42. A. charity B. criticism C. chemical D. command
43. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
44. A. extreme B. immediate C. defensive D. positive
45. A. naturally B. indirectly C. similarly D. closely
46. A. pleasing B. unfair C. interesting D. objective
47. A. unchanged B. unmatched C. unmentioned D. unemployed
48. A. hotel B. personnel C. sales D. laundry
49. A. ideal B. routine C. demanding D. steady
50. A. wage B. chance C. input D. support
51. A. inevitable B. constructive C. disappointing D. concrete
52. A. frequently B. occasionally C. critically D. favorably
53. A. highlights B. provides C. costs D. signals
54. A. achievement B. challenge C. investment D. substitute
55. A. certain B. alert C. resistant D. superior
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
In Britain every boy wants to be a famous football star. Many boys dream that one day they will be professional footballers. If a schoolboy plays very well, he may find himself in an important match, a Schoolboy International for example. The big clubs send men to these events to look for promising young players, who may be invited to register with the clubs.
Clubs may register schoolboys boys over the age of thirteen, although they are not allowed to play in matches until they have reached the official school-leaving age. But they are well trained. When one of those boys leave school, he may, if he wishes, become a apprentice (初学者) footballer to the team he has registered with. Tus he is taught his job in the same way as any other apprentice; besides, he is paid while he is being taught.
At eighteen the apprentice has to make up his mind whether to become a professional or to return to being an amateur. This decision has to be very carefully considered Once he becomes a professional, he will have to face very strong competition from younger and perhaps better players, always waiting and being anxious to take his place. There are about 9,000 professional footballers in Britain, and only a few of these can hope to become really famous. The professional footballer cannot work after he is sixty-five and then he retires like other men. There are few opportunities for retired footballers, and for those few posts there are always far too many people.
56. A football club often sends men to _________ to search for promising young players.
A. amateur games B. professional matches C. other clubs D. international races
57. The decision an apprentice footballer must make at the age of 18 is important because being a professional means _________
A. he will make less money than other men
B. he can't do other jobs until he retires at the age of 65
C. he won't have any job opportunities after retirement
D. he must be ready to be replaced by better players at all times
58. The main topic of the passage is _________
A. the professional footballer in Britain B. the Britain football clubs
C. football rules in Britain D. Britain's amateur footballers
59. We learn from the passage that _________
A. there is a strict system of selecting professional footballers in Britain
B. being a professional footballer is an easy way for one to become famous
C. a professional footballer is always in danger of returning to being an amateur
D. any schoolboy can register with a football club if he wishes to be a professional footballer
(B)
WHY MAGAZINE
From the Editor
In this issue we publish some of the many letters we received on the cloning techniques, our cover story last month. Your reactions were certainly mixed. Read our exclusive interview with film-star Mike Jackson and his plans to start a fast-food chain. But there's so much more ….. enough to keep you going for the rest of the month.
Until next time,
The Editor
COVER STORY
Mike Jackson: new action movie, 5
but plans for a dramatic career change
REGULAR REATURES 28
Movies Review
Crossword Puzzle
Letters to the Editor 30
What's on Around Town 33
Art, Music, Dance
10 Sumner Holidays
Some popular and some unusual
16 Start Now
Jesef Brown of Commercial Bank suggests a good investment and savings plan for young businesspersons
26 Chinese Paintings
Art museum hosts an exhibition of modem Chinese paintings
27 CDs on Sale
Toscanini and his interpretation of Beethoven
60. How often is the Why magazine published?
A. Every week. B. Every month.
C. Twice a month. D. Every season.
61. Which page are you likely to turn to for advice about money matter?
A. Page 5. B. Page 16. C. Page.28. D. Page.30.
62. The word "dramatic" in this passage probably means ________.
A. enormous B. genera C. difficult D. continuous
(C)
The broad definition of migration, "permanent change of residence", usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond intonational movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine.
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening (干预) obstacles". Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities.
The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new. and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.
Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
63. Suppose Michael is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations, what may contribute to his final decision?
A. The people he knows B. Better job opportunities.
C. Good land to farm D. Richer life
64. Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family?
A. Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs.
B. Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different.
C. Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society.
D. Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions to migration.
65. We can infer from the passage that ________
A. Pull factors may include one's difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine
B. Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors.
C. New immigrants always need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment.
D. The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities.
66. The purpose of the passage is to discuss _________
A. the problems of international migrants
B. the motives of international migrants
C. the migration problems inside the country
D. the adjustment problem among migrants
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. People around the world differ in many ways, but dinner unites us all.
B. New technologies have permitted the development of previously unknown food products like instant coffee.
C. But as soon as people figured out how to trade foods, they did.
D. To understand why, just examine the shopping lists and food displays
E. Soon they eat more food in general.
F. Today, except in the very poorest countries more people are overweight than underweight.
Nutrition transition
Everyone eats. Throughout history, we humans have always found nourishing ways to use whatever food we could lay our hands on. The earliest diets were hunted and gathered from the foods that were available as a result of geography and climate. 67. ________ The current diets of most world populations have moved well beyond hunting and gathering. They have evolved in response to changes in food production that began with the Industrial Revolution some 200 years ago. New means of preservation allow foods to be eaten long after they are grown and harvested.
New means of transportation － railroads trucks and airplanes (as well as technologies such as refrigeration)－ mean that foods grown in one place can be consume 'fresh' many thousands of miles away. Thus, even in some place as remote as Bhutan, people eat oranges, surely grown well beyond the Himalayas. New processing technologies allow companies to make shelf-stable food products that can be transported and consumed much later. 68. ________ New marketing methods can create worldwide demand for such products.
But there is more that we need to know. As conflicts resolve and people in developing countries become better off, they acquire more stable resources and change the way they eat. They inevitably replace the grains and beans in their diets with foods obtained from animal sources.
They buy more meat, more sweet foods and more processed foods: they eat more meals prepared by others. 69.________ They start gaining weight, become overweight, then develop heart disease, diabetes, and the other diseases so common in industrialized societies. Here we have the great irony of modern nutrition: at a time when hundreds of millions of people do not have enough to eat, hundreds of millions more are eating too much and are overweight. 70. ________The phenomenon of going from not having enough food to overeating is now so common that it has been given its own name: the nutrition transition.
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.
Fog is a concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, moist air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.
In1968, new fog-sweeping- machine was tested for dissipating (驱散) the most common kind of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consisted of a 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicals were blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.
Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.
In the 1990s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to "see" the runway through the fog.
These new "weather weapons" are helping to win the war against fog.
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72、专家们建议实施这项工程以造福子孙后代。(benefit)
73、尽管烈日炎炎,游乐园里面依然每天游人如织。(despite)
74、运动会上,要求运动员们参加各类项目的一系列比赛。(require)
75、随着科技的发展,人们现在能够轻而易举地获得教育、医疗和其它各种信息。(access n.)
VI. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
新冠疫情期间,人们都宅家抗疫, 运动时间骤减,不少人体重增加。为了健康的身体, 请你为自己制定一个具体的运动方案, 并阐述理由。 |
